skip to Main Content
bitcoin
Bitcoin (BTC) $ 66,217.74 0.07%
ethereum
Ethereum (ETH) $ 3,028.74 0.86%
tether
Tether (USDT) $ 0.999958 0.04%
bnb
BNB (BNB) $ 576.81 0.87%
solana
Solana (SOL) $ 168.42 3.70%
usd-coin
USDC (USDC) $ 1.00 0.01%
xrp
XRP (XRP) $ 0.519979 0.23%
staked-ether
Lido Staked Ether (STETH) $ 3,027.54 0.89%
the-open-network
Toncoin (TON) $ 6.66 0.71%
dogecoin
Dogecoin (DOGE) $ 0.15314 1.48%

Blockchain Bridges, Explained

You must confirm the subscription in your inbox.”,”subscribe_email_required”:”Email required”,”subscribe_email_invalid”:”A valid email address must be provided. “,”shares”:”Total shares”,”views”:”Total views”,”sponsoredBadge”:”stretch_banners.sponsored.badge”}” :post=”{“id”:47509,”seo_title”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained | Cointelegraph”,”seo_description”:”As a new concept within the industry, blockchain bridges possess a lot of promise for the blockchain and crypto landscape and for the future of the industry”,”keywords”:”Bitcoin,Ethereum,Cryptocurrencies,Blockchain,Stablecoin”,”canonical”:”https://cointelegraph.com/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1024_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lN2U4YTM4YzBlY2IwYTA1YzU1Y2RlNGFiZGE5NTgxZC5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/2048_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lN2U4YTM4YzBlY2IwYTA1YzU1Y2RlNGFiZGE5NTgxZC5qcGc=.jpg”,”youtube”:””,”og_title”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”,”og_description”:”As a new concept within the industry, blockchain bridges possess a lot of promise for the blockchain and crypto landscape and for the future of the industry.”,”twitter_title”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”,”twitter_description”:”As a new concept within the industry, blockchain bridges possess a lot of promise for the blockchain and crypto landscape and for the future of the industry.”,”published”:”2020-06-20T18:00:00+01:00″,”noindex”:0,”modified”:”2020-06-20T15:25:38+01:00″,”title”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”,”leadtext”:”As a new concept within the industry, blockchain bridges possess a lot of promise for the blockchain and crypto landscape and for the future of the industry.”,”amp”:”https://cointelegraph.com/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained/amp”,”alternates”:[],”alternatesLinks”:[],”url”:”blockchain-bridges-explained”,”url_full”:”/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained”,”category”:{“id”:65,”url”:”explained”,”priority”:0,”created”:null,”modified”:null,”parent_id”:0,”is_hidden”:0,”created_at”:”-0001-11-30 00:00:00″,”updated_at”:”2019-03-12 14:52:37″,”deleted_at”:null,”admin_weight”:30,”enabled”:1,”is_blog”:0,”category_id”:65,”language_id”:1,”title”:”Explained”,”alt”:””,”keywords”:””,”seo_title”:”Explained: articles for beginners about cryptocurrency and blockchain.”,”description”:”

What is Bitcoin? How does blockchain work? How to mine cryptocurrency? We are glad to help you answer these questions with our quick guides in Explained section.

n”,”seo_description”:”What is Bitcoin? How does blockchain work? How to mine cryptocurrency? We are glad to help you answer these questions with our quick guides in Explained section.”},”words_count”:713,”description”:”As a new concept within the industry, blockchain bridges possess a lot of promise for the blockchain and crypto landscape and for the future of the industry”,”author”:{“id”:882,”title”:”Jagdeep Sidhu”,”url”:”jagdeep-sidhu”,”twitter”:””,”google_plus”:””,”photo”:””,”gender”:”male”,”description”:”Jagdeep Sidhu is the lead core developer and co-founder of the Syscoin platform. As an expert in blockchain technology, Jag also specializes in machine learning, artificial intelligence, client/server development and distributed systems, with nearly 20 years of software development experience. Jag holds a bachelor of technology in computer science from the British Columbia Institute of Technology with a major in AI and digital image processing and a minor in client/server computing.”,”facebook”:””,”email”:””,”linkedin”:””,”created_at”:”2020-02-27 08:09:14″,”updated_at”:”2020-04-06 19:11:29″,”deleted_at”:null,”avatar”:”https://cointelegraph.com/assets/img/icons/author_male.jpg”,”hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2phZ2RlZXAtc2lkaHU=”,”relativeUrl”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/jagdeep-sidhu”,”user_id”:882,”language_id”:1,”name”:”Jagdeep Sidhu”,”desc”:”Jagdeep Sidhu is the lead core developer and co-founder of the Syscoin platform. As an expert in blockchain technology, Jag also specializes in machine learning, artificial intelligence, client/server development and distributed systems, with nearly 20 years of software development experience. Jag holds a bachelor of technology in computer science from the British Columbia Institute of Technology with a major in AI and digital image processing and a minor in client/server computing.”,”seo_title”:””,”seo_description”:””,”enabled”:0,”show_in_authors”:0,”show_in_experts”:0},”category_id”:65,”audio”:”https://s3.cointelegraph.com/audio/47509.ebdbd34f-6789-46d1-b62a-f8db6e0eb4a9.mp3″,”tags”:[{“name”:”Bitcoin”,”uri”:”/tags/bitcoin”,”super”:1,”page_title”:”Bitcoin News”},{“name”:”Blockchain”,”uri”:”/tags/blockchain”,”super”:1,”page_title”:”Blockchain News”},{“name”:”Cryptocurrencies”,”uri”:”/tags/cryptocurrencies”,”super”:0,”page_title”:”Cryptocurrencies News”},{“name”:”Ethereum”,”uri”:”/tags/ethereum”,”super”:1,”page_title”:”Ethereum News”},{“name”:”Stablecoin”,”uri”:”/tags/stablecoin”,”super”:0,”page_title”:””}],”tag_title”:”Bitcoin”,”date”:”1 HOUR AGO”,”badge”:{“title”:”Explained”,”label”:”default”},”qty”:9,”stats_pixel”:”“,”stats_pixel_url”:”https://zoa.cointelegraph.com/pixel?postId=47509&regionId=1″,”shares”:71,”infographic”:false,”sponsored”:false,”explained”:true,”press_release”:false,”show_referral”:true,”social_description”:””,”social_translators”:{“clipboard_popup_label”:”Link copied”,”socialWechatFooterError”:”WeChat error”,”socialWechatFooterText”:”WeChat share”,”socialWechatHeaderText”:”WeChat share”},”social_shares”:{“post_id”:47509,”post_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained”,”post_titles”:{“normal”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”,”twitter”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”},”post_text”:{“normal”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained”,”twitter”:”Blockchain Bridges, Explained https://cointelegraph.com/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained via @cointelegraph”},”accounts”:{“twitter”:”@cointelegraph”}},”socials”:{“facebook”:{“url”:”https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”fb”,”fa”:”facebook”},”twitter”:{“url”:”https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=Blockchain+Bridges%2C+Explained https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained via @cointelegraph”,”count”:null,”short”:”tw”,”fa”:”twitter”},”telegram”:{“url”:”https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained &text=Blockchain+Bridges%2C+Explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”tg”,”fa”:”paper-plane”},”whatsapp”:{“url”:”https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Blockchain+Bridges%2C+Explained&href=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”wu”,”fa”:”whatsapp”},”gplus”:{“url”:”https://plus.google.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”gplus”,”fa”:”google-plus”},”reddit”:{“url”:”https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained&title=Blockchain+Bridges%2C+Explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”reddit”,”fa”:”reddit-alien”},”linkedin”:{“url”:”https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcointelegraph.com%2Fexplained%2Fblockchain-bridges-explained&title=Blockchain+Bridges%2C+Explained”,”count”:null,”short”:”li”,”fa”:”linkedin”}},”hide_disclaimer”:false,”elink”:”https://cointelegraph.com”,”etitle”:”Cointelegraph”,”elogo_x2″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/528_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9hYjAzYTJhMmNlOWEyMWRjMWYwOTYxZDkxNzMxYzhiYS5wbmc=.png”,”elogo_x1″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/260_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9hYjAzYTJhMmNlOWEyMWRjMWYwOTYxZDkxNzMxYzhiYS5wbmc=.png”,”elogo_svg”:false,”content”:[{“id”:1697,”post_id”:47509,”title”:”What are blockchain bridges?”,”content”:”

A blockchain bridge provides a connection that allows for the transfer of tokens or data between two different blockchain ecosystems.

nn

A significant challenge of blockchains to date is their lack of interoperability. Once a developer builds their decentralized application on any particular platform, they’re generally locked into that platform with no opportunity to leverage any of the benefits of other blockchains.

nn

For example, Ethereum has well-documented scalability issues that many developers probably hoped would be solved by now. If they move to another, faster platform, such as EOS, then they lose out on the benefits that Ethereum does offer: a large community, a widely supported token standard and the most-adopted smart contract platform.

nn

Therefore, a developer can use a bridge to send their token from one blockchain platform to another, leveraging the benefits of both. In a truly interoperable blockchain ecosystem, tokens, data and smart contracts could potentially travel between many different platforms.

nn

Bridges generally use some kind of mint-and-burn protocol to keep token supply constant across all platforms. When the token leaves one blockchain, it is burned or locked, and an equivalent token is minted on the opposite blockchain. Conversely, when the token moves back to its original network, the “twin” token is burned or locked.

nnn”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:22:42″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:42″,”sort”:1,”translations”:{“id”:1690,”explained_post_id”:1697,”title_en”:”What are blockchain bridges?”,”content_en”:”

A blockchain bridge provides a connection that allows for the transfer of tokens or data between two different blockchain ecosystems.

nn

A significant challenge of blockchains to date is their lack of interoperability. Once a developer builds their decentralized application on any particular platform, they’re generally locked into that platform with no opportunity to leverage any of the benefits of other blockchains.

nn

For example, Ethereum has well-documented scalability issues that many developers probably hoped would be solved by now. If they move to another, faster platform, such as EOS, then they lose out on the benefits that Ethereum does offer: a large community, a widely supported token standard and the most-adopted smart contract platform.

nn

Therefore, a developer can use a bridge to send their token from one blockchain platform to another, leveraging the benefits of both. In a truly interoperable blockchain ecosystem, tokens, data and smart contracts could potentially travel between many different platforms.

nn

Bridges generally use some kind of mint-and-burn protocol to keep token supply constant across all platforms. When the token leaves one blockchain, it is burned or locked, and an equivalent token is minted on the opposite blockchain. Conversely, when the token moves back to its original network, the “twin” token is burned or locked.

nnn”,”title_es”:””,”content_es”:”n”,”title_cn”:””,”content_cn”:”n”,”title_de”:””,”content_de”:”n”,”title_it”:””,”content_it”:”n”,”title_ar”:””,”content_ar”:”n”,”title_br”:””,”content_br”:”n”,”title_jp”:””,”content_jp”:”n”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:22:42″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:42″,”title_kr”:””,”content_kr”:”n”,”title_tr”:””,”content_tr”:”n”}},{“id”:1698,”post_id”:47509,”title”:”What are the benefits of blockchain bridges?”,”content”:”

There are many benefits to using blockchain bridges. For example, a DApp developer using Ethereum frequently suffers issues with poor user experience due to slow transaction processing speed and expensive gas fees during times of high traffic and congestion. By using a bridge, they can send their token onto another blockchain for processing at a higher speed and a lower cost. This means that the developer can continue to run their DApp on Ethereum, using ERC-20 token standards and tapping into Ethereum’s vibrant developer and user community.

nn

Both blockchain ecosystems also benefit from developers using the bridge. It reduces network traffic on Ethereum by dispersing it over other, less congested blockchains, thus going some way to solving Ethereum’s ongoing scalability challenges. The other blockchain gains exposure to — and adoption by — the Ethereum community.

nn

Use cases for a bridge could include instant payments at point of sale, which has so far been virtually impossible given the scalability challenges of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). Bridges could also prove useful for DApps needing instant settlement for a seamless user experience, such as casino games.

nnn”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:23:08″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:42″,”sort”:2,”translations”:{“id”:1691,”explained_post_id”:1698,”title_en”:”What are the benefits of blockchain bridges?”,”content_en”:”

There are many benefits to using blockchain bridges. For example, a DApp developer using Ethereum frequently suffers issues with poor user experience due to slow transaction processing speed and expensive gas fees during times of high traffic and congestion. By using a bridge, they can send their token onto another blockchain for processing at a higher speed and a lower cost. This means that the developer can continue to run their DApp on Ethereum, using ERC-20 token standards and tapping into Ethereum’s vibrant developer and user community.

nn

Both blockchain ecosystems also benefit from developers using the bridge. It reduces network traffic on Ethereum by dispersing it over other, less congested blockchains, thus going some way to solving Ethereum’s ongoing scalability challenges. The other blockchain gains exposure to — and adoption by — the Ethereum community.

nn

Use cases for a bridge could include instant payments at point of sale, which has so far been virtually impossible given the scalability challenges of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). Bridges could also prove useful for DApps needing instant settlement for a seamless user experience, such as casino games.

nnn”,”title_es”:””,”content_es”:”n”,”title_cn”:””,”content_cn”:”n”,”title_de”:””,”content_de”:”n”,”title_it”:””,”content_it”:”n”,”title_ar”:””,”content_ar”:”n”,”title_br”:””,”content_br”:”n”,”title_jp”:””,”content_jp”:”n”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:23:08″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:42″,”title_kr”:””,”content_kr”:”n”,”title_tr”:””,”content_tr”:”n”}},{“id”:1699,”post_id”:47509,”title”:”Are there any examples of blockchain bridges?”,”content”:”

Several projects have now released their own versions of a blockchain bridge.

nn

The Syscoin-Ethereum bridge, launched at the start of the year, enables trustless interoperability between Ethereum and Syscoin’s network. Syscoin gives ERC-20 tokens access to an interactive, instant settlement protocol called “zero-confirmation directed acyclic graph” that’s capable of processing over 60,000 transactions per second, verified by an independent auditor.

nn

RSK, the second-layer smart contract platform operating on the Bitcoin blockchain, also released its RSK token bridge early this year. The RSK bridge allows assets to travel between RSK and Ethereum, effectively introducing interoperability between Bitcoin and Ethereum.

nn

Wanchain was one of the earlier projects to enter the interoperability space. In January, it launched the fourth version of its mainnet, introducing the T-Bridge framework, which enables the transfer of data and digital assets between blockchains.

nnn”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:23:38″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:41″,”sort”:3,”translations”:{“id”:1692,”explained_post_id”:1699,”title_en”:”Are there any examples of blockchain bridges?”,”content_en”:”

Several projects have now released their own versions of a blockchain bridge.

nn

The Syscoin-Ethereum bridge, launched at the start of the year, enables trustless interoperability between Ethereum and Syscoin’s network. Syscoin gives ERC-20 tokens access to an interactive, instant settlement protocol called “zero-confirmation directed acyclic graph” that’s capable of processing over 60,000 transactions per second, verified by an independent auditor.

nn

RSK, the second-layer smart contract platform operating on the Bitcoin blockchain, also released its RSK token bridge early this year. The RSK bridge allows assets to travel between RSK and Ethereum, effectively introducing interoperability between Bitcoin and Ethereum.

nn

Wanchain was one of the earlier projects to enter the interoperability space. In January, it launched the fourth version of its mainnet, introducing the T-Bridge framework, which enables the transfer of data and digital assets between blockchains.

nnn”,”title_es”:””,”content_es”:”n”,”title_cn”:””,”content_cn”:”n”,”title_de”:””,”content_de”:”n”,”title_it”:””,”content_it”:”n”,”title_ar”:””,”content_ar”:”n”,”title_br”:””,”content_br”:”n”,”title_jp”:””,”content_jp”:”n”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:23:38″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:41″,”title_kr”:””,”content_kr”:”n”,”title_tr”:””,”content_tr”:”n”}},{“id”:1700,”post_id”:47509,”title”:”How do blockchain bridges work?”,”content”:”

Much like blockchains themselves, bridges can be operated on a spectrum of decentralization. The bridges outlined above fall into two categories: federated and trustless.

nn

A federated bridge is run in a similar way to a private or permissioned blockchain. The project establishes a set of criteria for which someone can qualify to become part of the federation that manages and oversees bridge transactions. For example, in Wanchain, specialized nodes called “storemen” lock tokens on the Ethereum blockchain using secure multiparty computation. The equivalent value of tokens is minted on Wanchain, and when the user wants to move the assets back onto Ethereum, a threshold of storemen must provide their fragment of the secret key.

nn

A trustless bridge can operate through a decentralized network of agents. Unlike the federated model, anyone can join the network as an agent, and agents are incentivized to ensure that bridge transactions are validated correctly. For example, the Syscoin bridge uses a network of agents that stake Ether and earn fees from bridge transactions, which are grouped into superblocks. If any agent believes that another isn’t acting in the interests of the network by submitting invalid superblocks, they can raise a challenge. If the challenge is upheld, the challenger wins 3 ETH from the submitter. Conversely, the challenger loses 3 ETH if their challenge is deemed unfounded.

nnn”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:24:02″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:39″,”sort”:4,”translations”:{“id”:1693,”explained_post_id”:1700,”title_en”:”How do blockchain bridges work?”,”content_en”:”

Much like blockchains themselves, bridges can be operated on a spectrum of decentralization. The bridges outlined above fall into two categories: federated and trustless.

nn

A federated bridge is run in a similar way to a private or permissioned blockchain. The project establishes a set of criteria for which someone can qualify to become part of the federation that manages and oversees bridge transactions. For example, in Wanchain, specialized nodes called “storemen” lock tokens on the Ethereum blockchain using secure multiparty computation. The equivalent value of tokens is minted on Wanchain, and when the user wants to move the assets back onto Ethereum, a threshold of storemen must provide their fragment of the secret key.

nn

A trustless bridge can operate through a decentralized network of agents. Unlike the federated model, anyone can join the network as an agent, and agents are incentivized to ensure that bridge transactions are validated correctly. For example, the Syscoin bridge uses a network of agents that stake Ether and earn fees from bridge transactions, which are grouped into superblocks. If any agent believes that another isn’t acting in the interests of the network by submitting invalid superblocks, they can raise a challenge. If the challenge is upheld, the challenger wins 3 ETH from the submitter. Conversely, the challenger loses 3 ETH if their challenge is deemed unfounded.

nnn”,”title_es”:””,”content_es”:”n”,”title_cn”:””,”content_cn”:”n”,”title_de”:””,”content_de”:”n”,”title_it”:””,”content_it”:”n”,”title_ar”:””,”content_ar”:”n”,”title_br”:””,”content_br”:”n”,”title_jp”:””,”content_jp”:”n”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:24:02″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:39″,”title_kr”:””,”content_kr”:”n”,”title_tr”:””,”content_tr”:”n”}},{“id”:1701,”post_id”:47509,”title”:”Are there blockchain bridges in operation for any dApps now?”,”content”:”

The bridges currently in operation have only been operating in their current form for a few months, so they are still in their early days in terms of adoption. However, bridges hold a lot of promise, particularly for stablecoins. Tether (USDT) has had to continuously expand to new networks in an attempt to keep up with its growth. The company’s chief technology officer, Paolo Ardoino, has indicated an interest in the use of bridges to help this scaling effort. Syscoin is also in talks with stablecoin projects that are interested in using its bridge.

nn

Given the relative immaturity of this nascent field, it’s inevitable that some bridge implementations are also experiencing issues. In May, a trust-minimized Bitcoin–Ethereum bridge called tBTC had to be shut down two days after launching because developers found a bug in the code that made it impossible to continue operating.

nn

Nevertheless, it seems inevitable that with the current focus on scalability and interoperability, bridges will form an integral part of the blockchain landscape of the future.

nn

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

nn

n

Jagdeep “Jag” Sidhu is the lead core developer and co-founder of the Syscoin platform and Blockchain Foundry. As an expert in blockchain technology, Jag also specializes in machine learning, artificial intelligence, client/server development and distributed systems, with nearly 20 years of software development experience. Jag holds a Bachelor of Technology in computer science from the British Columbia Institute of Technology with a major in AI and digital image processing and a minor in client/server computing.​​​​​​​

n

nnn”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:08″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:39″,”sort”:5,”translations”:{“id”:1694,”explained_post_id”:1701,”title_en”:”Are there blockchain bridges in operation for any dApps now?”,”content_en”:”

The bridges currently in operation have only been operating in their current form for a few months, so they are still in their early days in terms of adoption. However, bridges hold a lot of promise, particularly for stablecoins. Tether (USDT) has had to continuously expand to new networks in an attempt to keep up with its growth. The company’s chief technology officer, Paolo Ardoino, has indicated an interest in the use of bridges to help this scaling effort. Syscoin is also in talks with stablecoin projects that are interested in using its bridge.

nn

Given the relative immaturity of this nascent field, it’s inevitable that some bridge implementations are also experiencing issues. In May, a trust-minimized Bitcoin–Ethereum bridge called tBTC had to be shut down two days after launching because developers found a bug in the code that made it impossible to continue operating.

nn

Nevertheless, it seems inevitable that with the current focus on scalability and interoperability, bridges will form an integral part of the blockchain landscape of the future.

nn

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

nn

n

Jagdeep “Jag” Sidhu is the lead core developer and co-founder of the Syscoin platform and Blockchain Foundry. As an expert in blockchain technology, Jag also specializes in machine learning, artificial intelligence, client/server development and distributed systems, with nearly 20 years of software development experience. Jag holds a Bachelor of Technology in computer science from the British Columbia Institute of Technology with a major in AI and digital image processing and a minor in client/server computing.​​​​​​​

n

nnn”,”title_es”:””,”content_es”:”n”,”title_cn”:””,”content_cn”:”n”,”title_de”:””,”content_de”:”n”,”title_it”:””,”content_it”:”n”,”title_ar”:””,”content_ar”:”n”,”title_br”:””,”content_br”:”n”,”title_jp”:””,”content_jp”:”n”,”created_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:08″,”updated_at”:”2020-06-20 15:25:39″,”title_kr”:””,”content_kr”:”n”,”title_tr”:””,”content_tr”:”n”}}],”is_partner_material”:false,”commentsSection”:{“schemaEntityUrl”:”//cointelegraph.com/explained/blockchain-bridges-explained”,”list”:[],”amount”:0,”i18n”:{“addComment”:”Add a comment…”,”amountOnePostfix”:”Comment”,”amountPostfix”:”Comments”,”cancel”:”Cancel”,”delete”:”Delete”,”edit”:”Edit”,”errorBig”:”Comment text cannot be longer than 2000 characters”,”errorDuplicate”:”Duplicate comment”,”errorSmall”:”Comment text must be at least 2 characters long”,”hideButton”:”Hide comments”,”noComments”:” “,”commentOnModeration”:”Comment on moderation”,”postComment”:”Post”,”reply”:”Reply”,”showAllComments”:”Show All Comments”,”showButtonPostfix”:”comments”,”showButtonPrefix”:”Show”,”signIn”:”Sign in”,”update”:”Update comment”,”commentWasDeleted”:”This comment has been deleted”}},”related”:[{“id”:27438,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy8wODNmMmU2MjhhNGJhMzI5MDZiY2QyYTZjMzI5OGRkYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/round-up-of-crypto-exchanges-hack-so-far-in-2019-how-can-it-be-stopped”,”title”:”Round-Up of Crypto Exchange Hacks So Far in 2019 — How Can They Be Stopped?”,”lead”:”Not six, but now seven crypto exchanges have been hacked so far in 2019. How can cyber attacks be avoided and addressed in the future?”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:19,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/analysis”,”category_title”:”Analysis”,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/joseph-young”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2pvc2VwaC15b3VuZw==”,”author_title”:”Joseph Young”,”author_img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/32_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy81YjZkY2VmOWQ4YTQwMmQ3OGYwOTgxNTFmNWNlODM4ZS5qcGc=.jpg”,”date”:”JUN 18, 2019″,”flash_date”:”JUN 18, 2019″,”sponsored”:false,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Analysis”,”label”:”info”},”published”:{“date”:”2019-06-18 09:00:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:24357,”rss_date”:”Tue, 18 Jun 2019 09:00:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2019-06-18T09:00:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true},{“id”:47383,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjM5MzVmNzYyNjkyNjY1OTA0N2NhYzE3YTMyZWU1NS5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/http-has-its-problems-so-can-this-new-protocol-fix-the-internet”,”title”:”HTTP Has Its Problems, So Can This New Protocol Fix the Internet?”,”lead”:”From data loss to a lack of privacy, a new protocol says HTTP is beset with problems and isn’t fit for purpose as the world moves to Next Generation Internet.”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:62,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/sponsored”,”category_title”:”Sponsored”,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/connor-blenkinsop”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2Nvbm5vci1ibGVua2luc29w”,”author_title”:”Connor Blenkinsop”,”author_img”:”https://cointelegraph.com/assets/img/icons/author_male.jpg”,”date”:”JUN 18, 2020″,”flash_date”:”JUN 18, 2020″,”sponsored”:true,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Sponsored”,”label”:”default”},”published”:{“date”:”2020-06-18 17:21:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:2536,”rss_date”:”Thu, 18 Jun 2020 17:21:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2020-06-18T17:21:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true},{“id”:45676,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NTVkYjVlNjI4YWY2NzAzYTJmMmY3N2FiNmNjZjdmYS5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-miners-will-use-derivatives-like-traditional-commodity-producers”,”title”:”Bitcoin Miners Will Use Derivatives Like Traditional Commodity Producers”,”lead”:”Miners need traditional financial products in order to hedge against the risk of increasing hash rate and difficulty.”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:81,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/opinion”,”category_title”:”Opinion “,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/malcolm-cannon”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL21hbGNvbG0tY2Fubm9u”,”author_title”:”Malcolm Cannon”,”author_img”:”https://cointelegraph.com/assets/img/icons/author_male.jpg”,”date”:”MAY 23, 2020″,”flash_date”:”MAY 23, 2020″,”sponsored”:false,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Opinion”,”label”:”success”},”published”:{“date”:”2020-05-23 21:49:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:13559,”rss_date”:”Sat, 23 May 2020 21:49:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2020-05-23T21:49:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true},{“id”:45880,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9jMjVkOTViZWFmODJhNGRkZTBjYjgzYTg4OWI5ZmNiYi5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/the-future-of-digital-assets-stepping-into-the-world-of-mainstream-crypto”,”title”:”The Future of Digital Assets: Stepping Into the World of Mainstream Crypto”,”lead”:”Let’s take a look at some of the possible use cases for crypto and blockchain in the forthcoming years and decades. Surely though, there is much more to come.”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:81,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/opinion”,”category_title”:”Opinion “,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/alex-axelrod”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2FsZXgtYXhlbHJvZA==”,”author_title”:”Alex Axelrod”,”author_img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/32_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy81ZGQxNWMxZTRjMjVmOGRkZWQzMTdkYTY2OTJhZjYzYy5qcGc=.jpg”,”date”:”MAY 27, 2020″,”flash_date”:”MAY 27, 2020″,”sponsored”:false,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Opinion”,”label”:”success”},”published”:{“date”:”2020-05-27 14:46:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:12593,”rss_date”:”Wed, 27 May 2020 14:46:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2020-05-27T14:46:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true},{“id”:46137,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy85NjY0NzllYTdiM2M0M2UxMjIwYjcyM2Y5ZGJjMjdjMi5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/conquering-decentralized-finance-enter-the-custodians”,”title”:”Conquering Decentralized Finance: Enter the Custodians”,”lead”:”As decentralized finance becomes a principal focus for both investors and companies alike, custodians will ease their entry, making DeFi the future of finance.”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:81,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/opinion”,”category_title”:”Opinion “,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/alex-batlin”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2FsZXgtYmF0bGlu”,”author_title”:”Alex Batlin”,”author_img”:”https://cointelegraph.com/assets/img/icons/author_male.jpg”,”date”:”MAY 31, 2020″,”flash_date”:”MAY 31, 2020″,”sponsored”:false,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Opinion”,”label”:”success”},”published”:{“date”:”2020-05-31 16:04:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:4298,”rss_date”:”Sun, 31 May 2020 16:04:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2020-05-31T16:04:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true},{“id”:46778,”retina”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/1480_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”img”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/740_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb370″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/370_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”amp_thumb”:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”thumb150″:”https://images.cointelegraph.com/images/150_aHR0cHM6Ly9zMy5jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9zdG9yYWdlL3VwbG9hZHMvdmlldy9lZjM5MWZmZGE5NDZlOTc4MzBlMDk0MjNhMjg4YWRjMC5qcGc=.jpg”,”url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/news/mobile-crypto-trading-terminal-says-it-has-103-000-daily-active-users”,”title”:”Mobile Crypto Trading Terminal Says It Has 103,000 Daily Active Users”,”lead”:”A company says it offers the world’s leading mobile crypto trading terminal, meaning sophisticated strategies can be developed and executed on the move.”,”leadfull”:””,”category_id”:62,”category_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/category/sponsored”,”category_title”:”Sponsored”,”author_url”:”https://cointelegraph.com/authors/connor-blenkinsop”,”author_hash”:”aHR0cHM6Ly9jb2ludGVsZWdyYXBoLmNvbS9hdXRob3JzL2Nvbm5vci1ibGVua2luc29w”,”author_title”:”Connor Blenkinsop”,”author_img”:”https://cointelegraph.com/assets/img/icons/author_male.jpg”,”date”:”JUN 10, 2020″,”flash_date”:”JUN 10, 2020″,”sponsored”:true,”press_release”:false,”sponsored_label”:”Sponsored”,”explained”:false,”badge”:{“title”:”Sponsored”,”label”:”default”},”published”:{“date”:”2020-06-10 12:00:00.000000″,”timezone_type”:3,”timezone”:”Europe/London”},”stat_uniqs”:6091,”rss_date”:”Wed, 10 Jun 2020 12:00:00 +0100″,”publishedW3″:”2020-06-10T12:00:00+01:00″,”show_referral”:true}]}” :shares=”{“facebook”:{“url”:”https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=%URL%”,”icon”:”facebook”,”title”:”Facebook”,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”xs”,”label”:”Smartphones”,”breakpoint”:”> 480px”},{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"}],"position":1,"status":true},"twitter":{"url":"https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=%TEXT%","icon":"twitter","title":"Twitter","position":2,"status":true,"sizesAllowed":[{"size":"xxs","label":"Extra small devices","breakpoint":"< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}]},”telegram”:{“url”:”https://t.me/share/url?url=%URL%&text=%TEXT%”,”icon”:”telegram”,”title”:”Telegram”,”position”:3,”status”:true,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}]},”pocket”:{“url”:”https://getpocket.com/save?url=%URL%”,”icon”:”pocket”,”title”:”Pocket”,”position”:4,”status”:true,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}]},”linkedin”:{“url”:”https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=%URL%&title=%TITLE%”,”icon”:”linked-in”,”title”:”LinkedIn”,”position”:5,”status”:true,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}]},”copy”:{“url”:”%URL%”,”icon”:”copy”,”position”:7,”title”:”Copy Link”,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}],”status”:true},”whatsapp”:{“url”:”https://wa.me/?text=%TITLE% %URL%”,”icon”:”whats-app”,”title”:”Whatsapp”,”sizesAllowed”:[{“size”:”xxs”,”label”:”Extra small devices”,”breakpoint”:”< 480px"},{"size":"xs","label":"Smartphones","breakpoint":"> 480px”},{“size”:”sm”,”label”:”Small tablets”,”breakpoint”:”> 768px”},{“size”:”md”,”label”:”Medium devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 992px”},{“size”:”lg”,”label”:”Large devices”,”breakpoint”:”> 1200px”}],”position”:6,”status”:true}}” is=”ExplainedPostPage”>

A blockchain bridge provides a connection that allows for the transfer of tokens or data between two different blockchain ecosystems.

A significant challenge of blockchains to date is their lack of interoperability. Once a developer builds their decentralized application on any particular platform, they’re generally locked into that platform with no opportunity to leverage any of the benefits of other blockchains.

For example, Ethereum has well-documented scalability issues that many developers probably hoped would be solved by now. If they move to another, faster platform, such as EOS, then they lose out on the benefits that Ethereum does offer: a large community, a widely supported token standard and the most-adopted smart contract platform.

Therefore, a developer can use a bridge to send their token from one blockchain platform to another, leveraging the benefits of both. In a truly interoperable blockchain ecosystem, tokens, data and smart contracts could potentially travel between many different platforms.

Bridges generally use some kind of mint-and-burn protocol to keep token supply constant across all platforms. When the token leaves one blockchain, it is burned or locked, and an equivalent token is minted on the opposite blockchain. Conversely, when the token moves back to its original network, the “twin” token is burned or locked.

There are many benefits to using blockchain bridges. For example, a DApp developer using Ethereum frequently suffers issues with poor user experience due to slow transaction processing speed and expensive gas fees during times of high traffic and congestion. By using a bridge, they can send their token onto another blockchain for processing at a higher speed and a lower cost. This means that the developer can continue to run their DApp on Ethereum, using ERC-20 token standards and tapping into Ethereum’s vibrant developer and user community.

Both blockchain ecosystems also benefit from developers using the bridge. It reduces network traffic on Ethereum by dispersing it over other, less congested blockchains, thus going some way to solving Ethereum’s ongoing scalability challenges. The other blockchain gains exposure to — and adoption by — the Ethereum community.

Use cases for a bridge could include instant payments at point of sale, which has so far been virtually impossible given the scalability challenges of Bitcoin (BTC) and Ether (ETH). Bridges could also prove useful for DApps needing instant settlement for a seamless user experience, such as casino games.

Several projects have now released their own versions of a blockchain bridge.

The Syscoin-Ethereum bridge, launched at the start of the year, enables trustless interoperability between Ethereum and Syscoin’s network. Syscoin gives ERC-20 tokens access to an interactive, instant settlement protocol called “zero-confirmation directed acyclic graph” that’s capable of processing over 60,000 transactions per second, verified by an independent auditor.

RSK, the second-layer smart contract platform operating on the Bitcoin blockchain, also released its RSK token bridge early this year. The RSK bridge allows assets to travel between RSK and Ethereum, effectively introducing interoperability between Bitcoin and Ethereum.

Wanchain was one of the earlier projects to enter the interoperability space. In January, it launched the fourth version of its mainnet, introducing the T-Bridge framework, which enables the transfer of data and digital assets between blockchains.

Much like blockchains themselves, bridges can be operated on a spectrum of decentralization. The bridges outlined above fall into two categories: federated and trustless.

A federated bridge is run in a similar way to a private or permissioned blockchain. The project establishes a set of criteria for which someone can qualify to become part of the federation that manages and oversees bridge transactions. For example, in Wanchain, specialized nodes called “storemen” lock tokens on the Ethereum blockchain using secure multiparty computation. The equivalent value of tokens is minted on Wanchain, and when the user wants to move the assets back onto Ethereum, a threshold of storemen must provide their fragment of the secret key.

A trustless bridge can operate through a decentralized network of agents. Unlike the federated model, anyone can join the network as an agent, and agents are incentivized to ensure that bridge transactions are validated correctly. For example, the Syscoin bridge uses a network of agents that stake Ether and earn fees from bridge transactions, which are grouped into superblocks. If any agent believes that another isn’t acting in the interests of the network by submitting invalid superblocks, they can raise a challenge. If the challenge is upheld, the challenger wins 3 ETH from the submitter. Conversely, the challenger loses 3 ETH if their challenge is deemed unfounded.

The bridges currently in operation have only been operating in their current form for a few months, so they are still in their early days in terms of adoption. However, bridges hold a lot of promise, particularly for stablecoins. Tether (USDT) has had to continuously expand to new networks in an attempt to keep up with its growth. The company’s chief technology officer, Paolo Ardoino, has indicated an interest in the use of bridges to help this scaling effort. Syscoin is also in talks with stablecoin projects that are interested in using its bridge.

Given the relative immaturity of this nascent field, it’s inevitable that some bridge implementations are also experiencing issues. In May, a trust-minimized Bitcoin–Ethereum bridge called tBTC had to be shut down two days after launching because developers found a bug in the code that made it impossible to continue operating.

Nevertheless, it seems inevitable that with the current focus on scalability and interoperability, bridges will form an integral part of the blockchain landscape of the future.

The views, thoughts and opinions expressed here are the author’s alone and do not necessarily reflect or represent the views and opinions of Cointelegraph.

Jagdeep “Jag” Sidhu is the lead core developer and co-founder of the Syscoin platform and Blockchain Foundry. As an expert in blockchain technology, Jag also specializes in machine learning, artificial intelligence, client/server development and distributed systems, with nearly 20 years of software development experience. Jag holds a Bachelor of Technology in computer science from the British Columbia Institute of Technology with a major in AI and digital image processing and a minor in client/server computing.​​​​​​​

Loading data ...
Comparison
View chart compare
View table compare
Back To Top